Is domestic polyester suitable for plastination of thin brain slices?

Plastination is a technique used to preserve biological tissues while retaining most of their original appearance. In the technique, developed by Dr. Gunther von Hagens in 1977, specimens were impregnated with a polymer, such as silicone, epoxy, or polyester. Considered the most suitable material for brain plastination, polyester has a wide application in teaching and research compared with imaging techniques. The materials for plastination are usually imported from Germany and more expensive than domestic products. If domestic polymers were to enter the market it would favor the expansion of plastination in Brazil. Hence, this study evaluated the feasibility of using domestic polyesters to replace the usual Biodur® (P40) in plastination of brain slices. For this evaluation, 2-mm-thick sections of bovine brains were prepared and plastinated with domestic polyester. Slices were compared before impregnation and after curing using standardized photographs taken after dehydration and after curing. Plastination followed the standard protocol: fixation, dehydration, forced impregnation, and curing. Fifteen brain slices were plastinated with each polyester (P40, P18, and C1-3). There was no significant difference in the percent shrinkage between groups after plastination of P18 and P40, but the curing time of Cristalan© polymer was too short for impregnation. Therefore, no initiator was used for C polymers impregnation. Thus, domestic polyester P18 was a viable option for the process.

Anti-inflammatory sesquiterpene polyol esters from the stem and branch of Tripterygium wilfordii / 中国天然药物

The stem and branch extract of Tripterygium wilfordii (Celastraceae) afforded seven new dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpene polyesters [tripterysines A-G (1-7)] and eight known ones (8-15). The chemical structures of these new compounds were established based on combinational analysis of HR-ESI-MS and NMR techniques. The absolute configurations of tripterysines A-C (1-3) and E-G (5-7) were determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis and circular dichroism spectra. All the compounds were screened for their inhibitory effect on inflammation through determining their inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-induced BV2 macrophages. Compound 9 exhibited significant inhibitory activity on NO production with an IC50 value of 8.77 μmol·L-1. Moreover, compound 7 showed the strongest inhibitory effect with the secretion of IL-6 at 27.36%.

Well-of-the-well (WOW) versus polyester mesh (PM): a comparison of single-embryo culture systems in bovines

Background: Mexico is innovating in the livestock industry through in vitro generation of bovine embryos with technologies such as well-of-the-well (WOW) and polyester mesh (PM) single-embryo culture systems. These techniques allow to maintain embryos in separate areas of a shared culture medium. Objective: To compare the quantity and quality of bovine embryos produced in WOW and PM culture systems versus the conventional (CG) culture system. Methods: In total, 345 embryos fertilized in vitro were evaluated for blastocyst yield in the three culture systems. To count blastocyst cell numbers, 69 embryos in each system were differentially stained for trophectoderm (TE), inner cell mass (ICM), and apoptotic cells. A qPCR gene expression analysis was performed for embryos in all three systems. Results: The WOW, PM and CG systems developed similar amount of blastocysts (41, 35 and 36%, respectively; p>0.05). Blastocysts in all three systems showed adequate amounts of ICM and apoptotic cells. Blastocysts in the PM system showed a greater number of TE cells [63.7 versus 58.6% in the CG system (p0.05). The ATP5B expression was higher in WOW than in PM (p0.05). The TJP3 expression was higher in PM than in WOW and CG (p<0.05). Expression of ID2 and CLDN4 was higher in WOW than in PM and CG (p<0.05). The biplot graphic from Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that CG was located near degenerated embryos, whereas PM was located near arrested embryos, larger ICM and TE, and TJP3 expression. The WOW was located toward blastocysts, morulae, and expression of CLDN4, ID2 and GNAS. Conclusion: Compared with CG, both the PM and WOW systems are good options for culturing single embryos in the bovine model. Moreover, the PCA results suggest that embryos developed in the WOW system have greater capacity for generating blastocysts with increased ability to form TE and ICM layers, which might improve implantation.

Antecedentes: México está innovando en la industria ganadera a través de la generación in vitro de embriones bovinos con tecnologías de cultivo individual como lo son Pozo dentro de Pozo (WOW) y Malla de Poliéster (PM). Estos mantienen los embriones en áreas separadas mientras comparten un mismo medio de cultivo celular. Objetivo: Comparar la cantidad y calidad de embriones bovinos producidos en los sistemas WOW y PM contra el sistema de cultivo convencional en grupo (CG). Métodos: En total se evaluaron 345 embriones fertilizados in vitro para determinar la producción de blastocistos generados en los tres sistemas. Para contar el número de células por blastocisto, 69 embriones en cada sistema se tiñeron diferencialmente para trofectodermo (TE), masa celular interna (ICM) y células apoptóticas. Se realizó un análisis de expresión génica por qPCR de los embriones obtenidos en los tres sistemas. Resultados: Los sistemas WOW, PM y CG desarrollaron similares cantidades de blastocistos (41, 35 y 36%, respectivamente; p>0,05). Los blastocistos en los tres sistemas mostraron cantidades adecuadas de ICM y células apoptóticas. Los blastocistos en el sistema PM mostraron un mayor número de células TE [63,7% versus 58,6% en el sistema CG (p0,05). La expresión de ATP5B fue mayor en WOW que en PM (p<0,05), pero similar a CG (p<0,05). La expresión de TJP3 fue mayor en PM que en WOW y CG (p<0,05). La expresión de ID2 y CLDN4 fue mayor en WOW que en PM y CG (p<0,05). El gráfico de biplot del análisis de componentes principales reveló que CG se encontró cerca de embriones degenerados, mientras que PM se encontró cerca de embriones en arresto, ICM, TE, y TJP3. El WOW se localizó hacia blastocistos, mórulas y la expresión de CLDN4, ID2 y GNAS. Conclusión: En el modelo bovino los sistemas PM y WOW son buenas opciones para cultivar embriones individuales, ya que se obtienen resultados muy similares a los obtenidos con el sistema CG. Además, los resultados de PCA sugieren que los embriones individuales desarrollados en el sistema WOW generan blastocistos con mayor capacidad de formar TE e ICM, lo que podría mejorar su éxito de implantación.

Antecedentes: O México está inovando na indústria pecuária por meio da geração in vitro de embriões bovinos com tecnologias de cultura de embriões individuais, bem como em poço (WOW) e malha de poliéster (PM). Estes mantêm os embriões em áreas separadas, enquanto compartilham o mesmo meio de cultura de células. Objetivo: Comparar a quantidade e a qualidade de embriões bovinos produzidos nos sistemas de cultura WOW e PM com o sistema convencional de cultura em grupo (CG). Métodos: No total, 345 embriões fertilizados in vitro foram avaliados para determinar a produção de blastocistos gerados nos três sistemas. O número de células por blatocisto foi contado, 69 embriões em cada sistema foram diferencialmente corados para trofectoderme (TE), massa celular interna (ICM) e células apoptóticas. Uma análise de expressão gênica qPCR foi realizada para os embriões obtidos nos três sistemas. Resultados: Os sistemas WOW, PM e CG desenvolveram quantidades semelhantes de blastocistos (41, 35 e 36%, respectivamente; p>0,05). Os blastocistos nos três sistemas mostraram quantidades adequadas de ICM e células apoptóticas. Os blastocistos no sistema PM mostraram um número maior de células TE [63,7 versus 58,6% no sistema CG (p0,05). A expressão de ATP5B foi maior no WOW do que no PM (p<0,05), mas semelhante ao GC (p<0,05). A expressão de TJP3 foi maior no PM do que no WOW e CG (p<0,05). A expressão de ID2 e CLDN4 foi maior no WOW do que no PM e CG (p<0,05). O gráfico biplot da análise de componentes principais revelou que CG foi encontrado próximo a embriões degenerados, enquanto PM foi encontrado próximo a embriões presos, ICM, TE e TJP3. WOW foi encontrado para ter blastocistos, mórulas e a expressão de CLDN4, ID2 e GNAS. Conclusão: Em comparação com o CG, os sistemas PM e WOW são boas opções para a cultura de embriões individuais no modelo bovino. Além disso, os resultados da PCA sugerem que embriões individuais desenvolvidos no sistema WOW têm maior capacidade de desenvolver blastocistos com maior capacidade de formar as camadas TE e ICM, o que poderia melhorar seu sucesso de implantação.

Technique proposition and material comparison for surgery rope making / Proposição de técnica e comparação de materiais para confecção de corda cirúrgica

ABSTRACT: The most tension resistant, nonmetallic, surgical suture is 5 polyester. Comparing it's resistance to those of the dogs' cranial cruciate ligament and the canine gastrocnemius tendon's up until they rupture, it's possible to detect a considerably inferior resistance on the implant's part. With the goal of achieving high mechanical resistances from sutures, these were grouped and twisted, resulting in a surgical rope that is adjustable to the patients needs. We analyzed manufacturing methodology, final conformation and tension resistance, based on three sutures models: "A" (1 polyglactin 910), "B" (1 polyester) and "C" (5 polyester). Considering averages of thickness and final load, the "B" implants obtained lower values than "A", indicating that polyglactin 910 ropes are more resistant than those of polyester. Moreover, the "C" implants resulted in the highest values of load and thickness, indicating that final thickness is predictive towards tension resistance. Size 1 Polyester was the only one to generate linear regression for supported load, ensuring the 25,34 Newtons (N) increment to every suture added to the implant, which suggests its use for the creation of non absorbable ropes. The use of 1 polyglatctin 910 promotes load averages superior to 1 polyester;therefore, it is indicated for making absorbable surgical ropes.

RESUMO: O fio cirúrgico não metálico com maior resistência à tração é o poliéster nº 5. Comparando a sua resistência com a do ligamento cruzado cranial de cães e do tendão gastrocnêmico canino até suas rupturas, é possível perceber uma resistência consideravelmente inferior da parte do implante. Com objetivo de alcançar grandes resistências mecânicas a partir de fios de sutura, estes foram agrupados e torcidos, resultando em uma corda cirúrgica ajustável de acordo com a necessidade do paciente. Foram analisadas a metodologia de confecção, a conformação final e a resistência à tração, baseados em três modelos de fios: "A" (poliglactina 910 nº 1), "B" (poliéster nº 1) e "C" (poliéster nº 5). Considerando as médias de espessura e carga final, os implantes "B" obtiveram menores valores do que "A", indicando que cordas de poliglactina 910 são mais resistentes que as de poliéster. Ademais, os implantes "C" resultaram nos maiores valores de carga e espessura, indicando que a espessura final é preditiva para resistência à tração. O poliéster nº 1 foi o único a gerar regressão linear para carga suportada, garantindo o incremento de 25,34 Newtons (N) a cada fio acrescido ao implante, o que sugere seu uso para criação de cordas não absorvíveis. A utilização da poliglactina 910 nº 1 promove médias de carga superiores ao poliéster nº 1, portanto, é indicada para confecção de cordas cirúrgicas absorvíveis.

Statistical analysis of shrinkage levels of human brain slices preserved by sheet plastination technique with polyester resin / Análisis estadístico de los niveles de retracción de cortes de cerebro humano conservados mediante la técnica de plastinación de cortes con resina poliéster

Plastination is currently the most important anatomical preservation technique due to the possibility of preserving bodies and organs for an indefinite period, in a dry and biosecure form, while preserving the morphological characteristics of the tissues. However, the shrinkage of the samples is also part of the plastination, perhaps becoming one of its few disadvantages. This paper presents the shrinkage caused by the classic technique of sheet plastination with polyester resin (Biodur® P40) in human brain slices, with the aim of statistically establishing the percentages of tissue shrinkage caused by this plastination protocol.

La plastinación es actualmente la técnica de preservación anatómica más importante debido a la posibilidad de preservar los cuerpos y órganos por un período indefinido, en forma seca y biosegura, al tiempo que preserva las características morfológicas de los tejidos. Sin embargo, la retracción de las muestras también es parte de la plastinación, quizás convirtiéndose en una de sus pocas desventajas. Este artículo presenta la retracción causada por la técnica clásica de plastinación de cortes con resina poliéster (Biodur® P40) en cortes de cerebro humano, con el objetivo de establecer estadísticamente los porcentajes de retracción de tejidos causados por este protocolo de plastinación.

Desarrollo de un protocolo de plastinación de cortes con resina poliéster aplicado a secciones de cerebro humano / Development of a sheet plastination protocol with polyester resin applied to human brain slices

La plastinación es una técnica anatómica de conservación cadavérica creada en 1977 por Gunther von Hagens, en Heidelberg, Alemania, y que sustituye los líquidos biológicos y/o de fijación por acetona, para luego impregar las muestras con distintas resinas, dependiendo de la técnica de plastinación desarrollada, para finalmente llevar a cabo la polimerización de los componentes incorporados a las muestras, para obtener muestras biológicas secas y totalmente duraderas. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en desarrollar un protocolo de plastinación de cortes con resina poliéster (Biodur® P40) en secciones de 3 mm de espesor de cerebro humano. La muestras fueron fijadas y conservadas con formalina al 10 %. Los cerebros luego fueron seccionados con una maquina cortadora de tejidos, obteniéndose láminas delgadas de 3 mm de espesor. Inmediatamente los cortes de cerebro fueron colocados en deshidratación en acetona al 100 %, a -25 ºC, durante 7 días el primer baño de acetona, y durante otros 3 días más, para el segundo baño de acetona. Una vez deshidratados los cortes, estos fueron colocados en resina poliéster Biodur® P40 y se llevó a cabo la impregnación forzada de los cortes, en cámara de vacío a temperatura ambiente (20 ºC). Una vez finalizada la impregnación forzada, se procedió a la etapa de curado, la cual en primer lugar consiste en el armado de las cámaras de curado dentro de las cuales se colocaran los cortes con resina poliéster. Las cámaras de curado fueron colocadas bajo luz UV para acelerar la polimerización del poliéster y finalizar el proceso de plastinación. Se logró desarrollar satisfactoriamente en el Laboratorio de Plastinación y Técnicas Anatómicas de la Universidad de La Frontera un protocolo de plastinación de cortes con resina poliéster, obteniendo una excelente conservación de cortes de cerebro, con diferenciación de sustancias gris y blanca, y conservación de todas las características morfológicas.

Plastination is an anatomical technique of cadaveric conservation created in 1977 by Gunther von Hagens, in Heidelberg, Germany, and that substitutes biological and / or fixation fluids with acetone, to then impregnate the samples with different resins, depending on the developed plastination technique, to finally carry out the polymerization of the components incorporated into the samples, to obtain dry and totally durable biological samples. The aim of this work was to develop a sheet plastination protocol with polyester resin (Biodur® P40) in 3 mm thick slices of human brain. The samples were fixed and preserved with 10 % formalin. The brains were sectioned with a slice cut machine, obtaining thin sheets of 3 mm thick. Immediately the slices of brain were placed in dehydration in 100 % acetone, at -25 °C, for 7 days the first acetone bath, and for another 3 more days, for the second acetone bath. Once the cuts were dehydrated, they were placed in Biodur® P40 polyester resin and the forced impregnation was carried out in a vacuum chamber at room temperature (20 °C). Once the forced impregnation was finished, the curing stage was carried out, which first consists in the assembly of the curing chambers within which the slices with polyester resin were placed. The curing chambers were placed under UV light to accelerate the polymerization of the polyester and finished the plastination process. A sheet plastination protocol with polyester resin was successfully developed in the Laboratory of Plastination and Anatomical Techniques of Universidad de La Frontera, obtaining excellent conservation of brain slices, with differentiation of gray and white substances, and conservation of all morphological characteristics.

High-density culture of Vero cells in novel perfusion bioreactor system

Viruses are the obligatory intracellular parasites infecting microbes, plants, animals, and humans. They aredead outside host cell but can take-over the host’s cell machinery as soon as they are into it. Several studies oninhibitor compounds have been done for animal viruses including those that are affecting humans, but thereis inadequacy in terms of research and literature for plant viruses that are responsible for losses in crop yieldand quality loss all across the globe. This could be focal point to study plant viruses, their transmission andpathogenicity, and to establish widely used, effective, and advanced approaches for their control. The purposeof this review is to discuss various approaches to control plant viruses that have been developed and applied tocombat plant viral infections. We have divided these approaches into two categories conventional (meristemtip culture, cryotherapy, thermotherapy, and chemotherapy) and advanced (nucleic acid-based approacheslike RNA Silencing, cross-protection, transgenic plants, gene pyramiding, and protein-protein interaction).Moreover, we have discussed and compared the principles, methodologies, advantages, and disadvantages ofeach technique. The approaches have been explored to promote their application in best suited way on variousplants to control viral diseases and to improve food crops quality with increase in production.

Modified Faden operation 朅 new surgical technique

Faden operation was first described in 1912. It weakens the muscle in its field of action without much slackening and alteration in the primary position. When combined with recession the weakening effect is more. It is a useful surgery in esotropia with high accommodative convergence, nystagmus blockage syndrome, dissociated vertical deviation, Duane's retraction syndrome with up or downshoots, and in sixth nerve paresis, where it is performed on the contralateral normal yoke muscle to increase the field of binocular vision. The conventional procedure is cumbersome due to small working space, entanglement of sutures, and posterior location of Faden site which is not easily accessible. We have modified the Faden operation by using a single 5-0 double-armed polyester suture, which is much easier and simpler to perform, and have done it in a series of small angle esotropias combined with recession. This paper demonstrates the surgical technique so that this surgery can be performed with ease by more surgeons.

Evaluation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production by microbiota endogenous to oleaginous plants

Aims@#Microbiota endogenous to oleaginous plants have attracted special attention in recent years for their biotechnological potentials and applications including the production of biodegradable biopolyester poly(3- hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] as an alternative to thermoplastics. The present study is aimed to screen the endophytic bacteria of selected oleaginous plants such as Arachis hypogaea L., Brassica napus L., Brassica nigra L., Helianthus annuus L., Ricinus communis L. and Sesamum indicum L. for the production of P(3HB). @*Methodology and results@#Bacteria endogenous to the oleaginous plants were isolated from surface sterilized healthy tissues following sterilization with 70% ethanol and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite and screened for P(3HB) production in mineral salts medium. Nile blue A staining method was used for detection of intracellular P(3HB), while the accumulated biopolyester was quantified spectrophotometrically following chemical conversion to chrotonic acid by treating with sulfuric acid. Five potent P(3HB) accumulating isolates have been selected and identified as Cellulosimicrobium cellulans AHS 01 (KX458038), Beijerinckia fluminensis AHR 02 (KX458039), Exiguobacterium acetylicum BNL 103 (KX458037), Bacillus toyonensis BNS 102 (KX458036) and Bacillus cereus RCL 02 (KX458035) based on morphological, physio-biochemical and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. These endogenously growing bacterial isolates accumulated intracellular biopolyester accounting 43-62% of their cell dry weight (CDW) when grown in mineral salts medium supplemented with yeast extract. Intracellular accumulation of P(3HB) by these isolates have also been confirmed by FTIR spectral analysis of lyophilized cell mass and 1HNMR spectra of the extracted polymer. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#These findings, first of its kind point to exploration of endogenous bacterial communities of oil-producing plants as a potential bioresource for production of P(3HB) bioplastics in a sustainable manner.

Ligadura de ducto arterioso persistente en un cocker spaniel de dos meses de edad: reporte de caso / Persistent ductus arteriosus ligation in a two-months-old cocker spaniel: A case report / Ligadura de conduto arterioso persistente em um Cocker spaniel de dois meses de idade: repórter de caso

El presente artículo reporta el caso de una hembra canina cocker spaniel entera de dos meses de edad, que fue llevada a la Clínica para Pequeños Animales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, con tos de seis días de evolución, poca ganancia de peso e historial de soplo cardiaco detectado con anterioridad en un centro veterinario. Tras realizar el examen médico, se perciben estertores en ambos campos pulmonares, aumento del reflejo tusígeno, pulso yugular positivo, un soplo cardiaco 6/6 y aumento del tiempo de llenado capilar. Se diagnostica la persistencia de ducto arterioso mediante ecocardiografía, por lo cual se plantea la ligadura del ducto como tratamiento definitivo. La paciente se recuperó satisfactoriamente del procedimiento quirúrgico sin tener ningún tipo de complicación; en el postoperatorio presentó tos que se resolvió a los pocos días con ayuda de un tratamiento con furosemida (2 mg/kg TID IM). Tres meses después de realizarse el procedimiento quirúrgico la paciente se encontraba clínicamente sana, sin ninguna manifestación de origen cardiaco.

This article reports the case of a two-months-old female cocker spaniel, who was taken to the Clinic for Small Animals at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, with a cough of six days of evolution, poor weight gain, and a history of heart murmur detected previously in a veterinary center. A medical examination evidenced crackles in both lung fields, increased cough reflex, positive jugular pulse, a 6/6 heart murmur, and increased capillary refill time. Persistent ductus arteriosus was diagnosed by echocardiography; for this reason, ductus ligation was suggested as definitive treatment. The patient satisfactorily recovered from the surgical procedure without any complications; she presented postoperative cough that resolved within a few days with the help of a treatment with furosemide (2 mg/kg IM TID). Three months after the surgical procedure, the patient was clinically healthy, without any symptom of cardiac origin.

O presente artigo reporta o caso de uma fêmea canina Cocker spaniel inteira de dois meses de idade, que foi levada à Clínica para Pequenos Animais da Universidade Nacional da Colômbia, com tosse de seis dias de evolução, pouco ganho de peso e historial de sopro cardíaco detectado com anterioridade em um centro veterinário. Após realizar o exame médico, se percebem estertores em ambos os campos pulmonares, aumento do reflexo da tosse, pulso jugular positivo, um sopro cardíaco 6/6 e aumento do tempo de enchimento capilar. Diagnostica-se a persistência de conduto arterioso mediante ecocardiografia, razão pela qual se cogita a ligadura do conduto como tratamento definitivo. A paciente se recuperou satisfatoriamente do procedimento cirúrgico sem ter nenhum tipo de complicação; no pós-operatório apresentou tosse que se resolveu aos poucos dias com ajuda de um tratamento com furosemida (2 mg/kg TID IM). Três meses após a realização do procedimento cirúrgico a paciente se encontrava clinicamente saudável, sem nenhuma manifestação de origem cardíaca.

Comparison of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by Ethibond excel polyester sutures combined with high-strength sutures using RigidFix for autogenous tendons fixation / 中国内镜杂志

Objective To compare the effectiveness of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using Rigid-Fix for autogenous tendons fixation between by Ethibond excel polyester sutures combined with high-strength sutures and by Ethibond excel polyester sutures. Methods From October 2011 to August 2013, 48 cases of ACL rupture underwent ACL reconstruction using RigidFix for autogenous tendons fixation. Ethibond excel polyester sutures combined with high-strength sutures were used in 25 cases (observation group) and Ethibond excel polyester sutures were used in 23 cases (control group). There was no significant difference in gender, age, side, disease duration, and preoperative Lachman test, Lysholm score, and the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score be-tween the two groups ( >0.05). While the treatment and rehabilitation measures were identical. Result The opera-tion performed smoothly. Vessel, nerve and meniscus were not injured. No complication of donor site pain and myas-thenia of affected knee after operation. At 6 months and 2 years after operation, the Lachman test, the Lysholm score and the IKDC score were superior significantly to those before operation in both groups ( 0.05). Conclusion Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by Ethibond excel polyester su-tures combined with high-strength sutures using RigidFix for autogenous tendons fixation presented satisfactory clinical results, whether using high-strength sutures during operation needs to be further study.

Nuevo método de inclusión en resina poliéster P-4 para cortes anatómicos / New method for P-4 polyester resin inclusion for anatomical slices

La resina poliéster (P-4) se ha utilizado en varias técnicas anatómicas, gracias a su bajo costo, fácil manejo y obtención. Entre ellas la inclusión, que se realiza en capas dejando muestras relativamente opacas y de un grosor que no permite ver claramente las estructuras. También encontramos la plastinación de cortes anatómicos, técnica más sofisticada, compleja y de un alto costo económico. El objetivo fue idear un método de inclusión para cortes anatómicos, que mejore la calidad de la técnica clásica. Se utilizaron cortes anatómicos de segmento distal de miembro inferior humano y de un grosor promedio de 0,5 cm fijados con acetona y cortes de encéfalo de vacuno de igual grosor, fijados con formalina acuosa al 10%. La totalidad de las muestras son deshidratadas en acetona a -17 °C. Posteriormente se impregnan e incluyen en resina poliéster (P-4) a temperatura ambiente. Se obtuvieron muestras con una buena transparencia y solidez que permite ver en detalle muchas estructuras, similar a la obtenida con la técnica de plastinación en resina. Mediante un método relativamente fácil de realizar es posible obtener piezas anatómicas de muy buena calidad.

The polyester resin (P-4) has been used in several anatomical techniques, due to its low cost, easy handling and elicit. Among them, the inclusion, which is performed on samples leaving relatively opaque layers and an important thickness which does not allow a clear vision of the structures. There is also the plastination of anatomical slices with this polymer which although, technically sophisticated and complex has a high economic cost. The objective is to develop a method for anatomical section inclusion, improving the quality of classic technique. Distal segment of human lower limb anatomical slices were used with an average thickness of 0.5 cm fixed with acetone and bovine brain slices equal thickness, fixed with 10% aqueous formalin. All the samples are dried in acetone at -17 °C. Subsequently, they are impregnated and included on polyester resin (P-4) at room temperature. Samples were obtained with good transparency and solidity that allows observation of details of many structures, similar to that obtained with the resin plastination technique. Using this relatively easy method we can get very good quality anatomical samples.

Screening and Production of Biodegradable Polyester Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) by Bacteria Endophytic to Brassica nigra L.

Aims: Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)], the microbially produced biodegradable thermoplastics has find wide range of applications in recent years. Development of low cost production strategies utilizing novel organisms is a crucial challenge. Present study is aimed to isolate and screen bacterial endophytes of Brassica nigra L. for the production of P(3HB). Place and Duration of Study: The experiments were performed in the Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata during 2012-2014. Methodology: Culturable bacterial endophytes were isolated from surface sterilized healthy tissues of B. nigra L. and screened for P(3HB) production in mineral salts medium. The chloroform extracted dried polymer was treated with H2SO4 and quantified spectrophotometrically at 235 nm. Results: About 78% of the bacterial endophytes recovered from surface sterilized B. nigra L. tissues showed different degrees of P(3HB) accumulation. Isolates (9) showing P(3HB) accumulation exceeding 10% of the cell dry weight (CDW) were characterized and tentatively identified as members of Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Alcaligenes and Acetobacter. The most potent isolate, BNL 06 identified as Bacillus pumilus BNL 06 (GenBank Accession No. KP202723), accumulated P(3HB) accounting 18% of CDW with an yield of 0.55 g/l. Finally the nature of the polymer was further confirmed by FTIR analysis. Conclusion: Exploration of the endophytic bacterial diversity of B. nigra L. have clearly revealed the potential of Bacillus pumilus BNL 06 for P(3HB) production as an alternative source of thermoplastics.

Efficacies of different meshes in Lichtenstein repair for inguinal hernia: a prospective study / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective To compare the clinical efficacies of polypropylene-polyglactic composite mesh, polyester mesh, polypropylene mesh in Lichtenstein repair for inguinal hernia.Methods The clinical data of 1 080 patients with primary unilateral inguinal hernia who were admitted to the Tianjin People's Hospital from February 2012 to May 2013 were prospectively analyzed.A randomized controlled study was performed based on a random numble table.All the patients were allocated into the ProGrip group (Parietex ProGripTM Self-Fixating Mesh), PET group (ParietexTM Lightweight Monofilament Polyester Mesh) and PP group (BardTM Soft Mesh).Patients received standard Lichtenstein tension-free repair under local anesthesia and were followed up by outpatient examination and telephone interview till May 2014.The indexs observed during the follow-up included occurrence of complications, post-operative pain and postoperative health-related quality of life.The following indexes were recorded : time of mesh fixation, operation time, hernia recurrence, pain degree at postoperative week 1 and month 1, 6, 12 by numerical rating scale (NRS), quality of life at postoperative month 1 by SF-36 questionnaire survey including physical function, role physical, body pain, general health, vitality, social function, role emotional,mental health.Measurement data with normal distribution were presented as x ± s.Comparisons among groups were analyzed by ANOVA and pairwise comparison by t test.Measurement data with skewed distribution were presented as M (range) and repeated measurement data were analyzed using the repeated measures ANOVA.Count data were evaluated by the chi-square test and Fisher exact probability.Postoperative moderate and severe pain rates were evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method and analyzed by the Log-rank test.Results There were 1 022 patients screened for eligibility including 367 patients in the ProGrip group, 346 patients in the PET group and 309 patients in the PP group.The time of mesh fixation and operation time were (1.3 ± 0.5) minutes and (30 ± 5) minutes in the ProGrip group, (4.9 ± 0.9) minutes and (45 ± 7) minutes in the PET group, (5.0 ± 0.9) minutes and (44 ± 7)minutes in the PP group, respectively, showing significant differences among the 3 groups (F =6.21, 4.33,P ＜ 0.05).There were significant differences in the time of mesh fixation and operation time between the ProGrip group and the PET group (t =1.36, 4.39, P ＜ 0.05), and also between the ProGrip group and the PP group (t =2.67, 2.99, P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the time of mesh fixation and operation time between the PET group and the PP group (t =0.98, 0.63, P ＞ 0.05).Nine hundred and nine patients were followed up for a median time of 13 months (range, 12-26 months) , with a follow-up rate of 88.943％ (909/1 022).The number of recurred hernia in the ProGrip group, the PET group and the PP group was 1, 0, 0,showing no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).The NRS scores of pain from postoperative week 1 to postoperative month 12 were ranged from 0 (0-2) to 0 (0-0) in the ProGrip group, from 2(0-5) to 0(0-0) in the PET group and from 1 (0-4) to 0 (0-0) in the PP group.The number of patients with moderate and severe pain was ranged from 52(14.17％) to 0(0) in the ProGrip group, from 87 (25.14％) to 0 (0) in the PET group and from 89 (28.80％) to 0(0) in the PP group.There were no significant differences in the changing trends of NRS scores of pain and number of patients with moderate and severe pain among the 3 groups (F =1.66, x2=1.52, P ＞ 0.05).The scores of physical function in the ProGrip group, PET group, PP group at postoperative month 1 were 52 ± 4,50 ± 6, 50 ± 6, the scores of role physical were 50 ± 6, 50 ± 6, 50 ± 5, the scores of body pain were 52 ± 7, 52 ± 7, 52 ± 7, the scores of general health were 63 ± 4, 57 ± 9, 58 ± 8, the scores of vitality were 63 ± 5, 62 ± 6,63 ± 6, the scores of social function were 58 ± 4, 58 ± 8, 57 ± 8, the scores of role emotional were 59 ± 4, 57 ± 8,58 ± 8, and the scores of mental health were 65 ± 4, 63 ± 5, 63 ± 6, respectively, showing no significant differences in above indexes among the 3 groups (F =2.36,3.65,1.98,2.41, 6.32, 2.33, 4.21, 3.52, P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Patients undergoing Lichtenstein repair for inguinal hernia with polypropylene-polyglactic composite mesh, polyester mesh and polypropylene mesh have comparative of incidence of postoperative complications, postoperative pain, quality of life, and present postoperative long-term low recurrence, low incidence of pain and relatively high quality of life.

Conservación de piezas cadavéricas del sistema nervioso central con resina poliester / Cadaveric peces preservation of nervous central system with polyester resin

El estudio del cuerpo humano es una prioridad para la adquisición de conocimiento sobre su funcionamiento y enfermedades, por lo que las piezas cadavéricas son consideradas la mejor manera para su estudio, y es con ciencia que se desarrolla técnicas que las conserven intactas en el tiempo, y sean de cómoda manipulación. En la Universidad Nuestra Señora de La Paz (UNSLP) se ha llegado a utilizar la resina de poliéster como técnica experimental, siendo esta fácil de reproducción y de un costo moderado en relación a las otras técnicas con resinas sintéticas. Se realizaron trabajos de inclusión en resina poliéster de cortes de los hemisferios cerebrales tallo encefálico, cerebelo y medula espinal de especímenes humanos. Se utiliza resina de poliéster ortoftálica, acelerador, catalizador, desmoldante PVA para resina, moldes de vidrio y silicona para la inclusión de las piezas. Se realiza el procedimiento de plastificación en 20 cortes, y 4 estructuras completas logrando preservar la anatomía macroscópica desde hace más de 9 meses. Con esta técnica, la conservación de piezas anatómicas es sencilla, de gran durabilidad y bajo costo. Esta forma de preservación genera que, los alumnos tengan un número significativamente mayor de preparados anatómicos disponibles para estudio e investigación. El plastificado con resina de poliéster utilizado en piezas cadavéricas de Sistema Nervioso Central en la UNSLP, demuestra ser un procedimiento económico y útil que logra preservar las piezas, sin alterar su estructura, con lo cual se beneficia al estudiante de medicina, proporcionándole piezas cadavéricas tridimensionales fáciles de manipular.

Through human history, study of the human body is a priority for the acquisition of knowledge about their functioning and disease, so cadavers have been considered the best way to study, and with the evolution of science techniques have been developed to preserve its structure, so as to maintain intact over time, and of comfortable handling. At the University Nuestra Señora de La Paz (UNSLP) has come to use the polyester resin as experimental technique, with this easy to play and moderate cost relative to the other techniques with synthetic resins. Works were performed including polyester resin cuts brainstem cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and spinal cord of human specimens. Was used orthophthalic polyester resin, accelerator, catalyst, release agent PVA resin, glass and silicone molds for the inclusion of parts. It performs the lamination procedure 20 cuts, and obtaining complete structures preserve 4 gross anatomy for over 9 months. The use of this technique in preserving anatomical specimens is simple, high durability and low cost. This form of preservation generates, in addition to traditional dissections, students have a significantly higher number of anatomical preparations available for study and research. The polyester resin plasticized cadavers used in Central Nervous System at the UNSLP, has proven to be an economical and useful technique that can preserve the pieces without altering their morphological patterns, which benefits the student medicine, providing dimensional cadavers easily manipulated.

Design and preparation of medical polyester-coated nitinol ventricular septal defect occluder / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To design and prepare a polyester-coated nitinol ventricular septal defect (VSD) occluder. Methods The shape wax model was made by slightly stretching the shape of the commercially available nitinol VSD occluder. The wax model was fixed on the weaving machine and a wax model-polyester coat compomer was made using the medical 4-0 sutures by warp knitting method. Then dewaxing and defatting were done and the polyester coat was produced. The commercially available nitinol VSD occluder was placed into the coat by sheath, with the ends of the polyester coat sutured at the VSD stainless steel rivets, and the surplus parts of both ends were cut by hightemperature knife. Results The polyester coat of VSD occluder was successfully made by weaving machine and warp knitting method. Polyester coat had a waist diameter of 8 mm and a disc diameter of 12 mm, and it completely fit with the conventional nitinol VSD occluder with diameter being 8 mm. The polyester coat was sutured tightly with the VSD occluder, and the surplus parts of two ends of the VSD occluder were cut smooth by high-temperature knife, with no loosening of the wire. Conclusion The polyester coat of nitinol VSD occluder can be woven by the weaving machine and warp knitting method, and then the polyester-coated nitinol VSD occluder can be successfully made by suture and high-temperature cutting.

Collagen type Ⅲ is an important linking molecule between generated renal tubules and an artificial polyester interstitium Reticulin as a linker between generated tubules and the interstitium / 中国组织工程研究

In the field of regenerative medicine,much consideration has been given to stem/progenitor cells for the future treatment of acute and chronic renal failure.For this strategy to be effective,however,cell biological information about tubule development within the diseased organ is needed.Unresolved cell-biological issues relating to this kind of treatment include①the integration of stem/progenitor cells,②their differentiation into site-specific cell types,and③the spatial formation of new tubules.To better understand the mechanisms related to this technology,renal tubules were generated at the interphase of an artificial interstitium by using advanced culture techniques.Stern/progenitor cells derived from neonatal rabbit kidney were covered with layers of polyester fleece,placed in a perfusion culture container,and superfused for 13 days with fresh and chemically defined Iscove's Modified Dulbeccos Medium(IMDM) containing aldosterone (1×10-7mol/L).The spatial growth of tubules was registered by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and on whole mounts or cryosections labeled with soybean agglutinin,silver stain and monoclonal antibodies reacting with collagen type Ⅲor laminin γ1.SEM revealed that the generated tubules were completely covered by a basal lamina.The lamina fibroreticularis exhibited numerous fibers connecting the basal aspect of generated tubules with the surrounding polyester fibers.Cryosections labeled with monoclonal antibodies anti-collagen type Ⅲ and silver stain demonstrated the formation of numerous fibers spanning between the basal lamina of generated tubules and neighboring polyester fibers.In matured kidney tubules the samg arrangement of collagen type Ⅲ fibers is observed as that for generated tubules.This work shows that collagen type Ⅲ is a relevant molecular linker between the basal aspect of generated renal tubules and the polyester fibers of the artificial interstitium.

Comparison between the effects of Ponseti method in treating infants older and younger than six-month with congenital clubfoot / 中国矫形外科杂志

[Objective]To compare the differences in using Ponseti method treating congenital clubfoot (CCF) patients older than six-month and younger than six-month of congenital clubfoot(CCF). [Method]Five hundreds and forty-four feet in 378 cases of CCF were treated with Ponseti method. According to the age differences, they were divided into older infancy group (﹥6 month, 227 feet in 157 cases and younger infancy group(≤6 month,317 feet in 221 cases). The deformation degree of CCF was evaluated by the Pirani scoring system. A scoring of 0-0.5 was regarded as being excellent. For each group, we evaluated the percentage of excellence result according to the Pirani score, the number of casts used, and the percentage of percutaneous achillotenotomy. The result was compared between the two groups. [Result]The excellence rate showed no significant differences between the two groups (P﹥0.05). Both the number of casts used and the percentage of percutaneous achillotenotomy in the younger infancy group were more than that in the older infancy group. There was obvious difference between the two groups (P

Shape-memory polymers for medical equipment applications / 医疗卫生装备

Shape-memory polymers(SMPs) can retain a temporary shape after pre-deformation at an elevated temperature and subsequent cooling to a lower temperature.When reheated,the original shape can be recovered.The development of the research on polyolefin,polyurethanes,polyester and some other shape-memory polymers were introduced and their applications in medical equipment were reviewed.

Architecture and relevance of several strongly adhered biofilms over a polyester imide (PEI) surface

A microscopical study was undertaken to analyze the eventual fungi adhesion over a polyester imide surface in enameled copper wires. Scanning electron microscopy allowed to observe in these adhered biofilms, a high amount of pigments, hyphae and its enzymatic arsenal probably acting in the surface of the polymer. Due to the highly aromatic nature of this polyester and the residual phenol derivates still present in the reticulated polymer, an antifungal activity could be expected, but no significant changes were noted in fungal growing and in the adhesion process. Additionally, the wires showed completely failure in all insulation properties. The studies aimed to understand and evaluate the great fungi potential that could be explored in biodeterioration and biodegradation processes.

Um estudo microscópico foi considerado para analisar a eventual adesão de fungos sobre uma superfície de poliéster-imida presente em fios de cobre esmaltados. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura, permitiu observar nestes biofilmes aderidos, uma alta quantidade de pigmentos, hifas e um arsenal enzimático possivelmente atuando na superfície desta macromolécula. Devido a natureza altamente aromática deste material e traços de derivados fenólicos usados como solventes - que se fazem ainda presentes no polímero já reticulado, uma certa atividade anti-fúngica poderia ser esperada, todavia não foram observadas alterações no crescimento dos microrganismos, bem como no processo de adesão dos fungos. Adicionalmente a este fato, os fios esmaltados revelaram total descaracterização de suas propriedades isolantes. Os estudos visam compreender e avaliar o grande potencial demonstrado pelos fungos que poderia em caráter vindouro, explorado em processos de biodeterioração e biodegradação